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Shipbuilding technology: Promoting the innovation of machinery and the use of the nautical compass

Shipbuilding technology: Promoting the innovation of machinery and the use of the nautical compass

Shipbuilding technology: Promoting the innovation of machinery and the use of the nautical compass

Since ancient times, my country’s shipbuilding technology has always been in a leading position, especially the three inventions of trough, rudder and drape, which have long overwhelmed the western shipbuilding and navigation circles. Shipbuilding and navigation technology in the Song Dynasty continued to develop.

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There are four major achievements:
 
One is to improve the control equipment, this is the rudder. The rudder first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, in order to enable the rudder to be used in deep and shallow water, an elevator appeared. The height of the rudder can be adjusted through a pulley system. In order to reduce the underwater resistance when the rudder is turning, a rudder shaft that can move forward and backward is designed to form a balanced rudder. A balanced rudder that can be raised and lowered was installed on the river bombing vessel painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty. A real balance rudder was also found on the Song Ship unearthed in Jinghai County, Tianjin in 1978. At the same time, the Song Dynasty shipmen made some small holes in the rudder blade, which greatly reduced the torque of the rudder, but had little effect on the rudder effect. This is the open-hole rudder. According to the estimation of Comrade Xin Yuanou, Kaikong Rudder appeared no later than the Song and Yuan dynasties.
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The second is to create the paddle steamer of the second morning in the world through the improvement of propulsion machinery. This is the "vehicle and ship". Several pairs of wheels are installed symmetrically on both sides of the ship's side with jet blades, which replace the oars. In the ship, a person pedals the axle with both feet to drive the outboard impeller to rotate. The original forward and backward intermittent propulsion of the propeller was improved to the continuous propulsion of the impeller, which greatly improved the propulsion efficiency. Historically, it was called "It is as fast as flying, far better than the sail seat." This kind of bright powder boat was able to be manufactured by Li Gao in the first year of Dezongzheng in the Tang Dynasty (785-805), but it has not been promoted. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, paddle wheels were used to equip battleships. In 1132 (Shaoxing 2nd year) Wang Yan built the Flying Tiger battleship. “There are four rounds next to each round, eight strokes per round, four people spin and travel thousands of miles a day.” Of course, this is extremely fast.

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But it is believed that even if it traveled hundreds of miles a day, it was at a speed unmatched by any kind of ship in the world at that time. Later Southern Song generals Li Gang, Yu Yunwen and others also built vehicles and ships. The largest one has three floors and a height of 7.5 feet. The captain is 36 feet in length. It is equipped with 3,040 wheels on both sides. It is fast and has strong attacking power. In the 1230s, the Zhong Xiang and Yang Yi uprisings, who were active in the Dongting Lake area, defeated the Song Dynasty officials with vehicles and ships. Later, there were also passenger boats and yachts, but they used wheels and pedals. The "West Lake" article in "Menglianglu" Volume 12 said: "There are even more cars and boats in Jia Qiuyu's mansion. There is no one on the boat shed to support them, but they use wheels. The speed is like flying when you step on your feet. "

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The third is the invention of watertight cabins and the use of dry docks. The watertight cabin technology is used in shipbuilding to increase the resistance to sinking and improve the safety factor, which has been mentioned in the previous chapter. Here is an introduction to the invention of the dry dock. According to the volume of Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan Supplement", the dragon boat offered by Zhejiang and Zhejiang Provinces in the early Northern Song Dynasty was more than 20 feet long. After using it for a century, the Zhao Song royal family “declined for a long time, and construction was not allowed in the water.” During the Xining period, Huang Huaijing, the eunuch, offered a plan to build a dry dock and dug a'Tai O'(pit) in the north of Jinming Lake, and a beam and column were erected in Australia. After the water is submerged, the ship is led to the beams and pillars, and then the water of Australia and China is empty, so that the ship can be repaired. After the repair is completed, the water is diverted to Australia and China, and the ship floats. This thousand-dock technology is one of the modern berths. First, it is another precious legacy in the Song Dynasty shipbuilding experience.

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The fourth is the invention of the dirty sea compass, a guiding instrument. The boundless sea is boundless. The navigator can only rely on long-term accumulated experience. "Watching the sun during the day and the stars during the night" is both inconvenient and error-prone. The navigators of the Northern Song Dynasty began to convert the compass into a water compass for ocean navigation. This is a major technological breakthrough with epoch-making significance in the history of navigation. Shen Kuo's "Mengao Bi Tan" contains four installation methods: "water float", "bowl lip rotation method", "nail setting method" and "silk suspension method". The water float method uses a magnetized steel needle to traverse the wick. Let it float on the water and mount it on a compass engraved with 24 directions. This is the earliest water compass, called "floating needle" at the time.

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The Northern Song Dynasty Zhu or "Pingzhou Ketan" said: "The boat master knows geography..., and when you look at the compass in the dark...you know where you are." Xu Jing said: "It is night, in the ocean. Don’t live in the dimension and watch the stars move forward. If it’s dark, use the floating needle to guide the north and south.” These are the two earliest records of navigation using "floating needles" to guide navigation. The appearance of the "floating needle" cannot determine the structural principles of modern magnetometers, magnetometers, aviation and nautical compasses. The use of the water compass has truly solved the problem of seeking directions at sea under severe weather. Since then, mankind has got rid of the fetters of the ocean and gallops in the vast ocean.

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